Status Glikemik Ibu, Obesitas, dan Faktor Gaya Hidup sebagai Penentu Risiko Diabetes Gestasional: Perspektif Kesehatan Masyarakat
Maternal Glycemic Status, Obesity, and Lifestyle Factors as Determinants of Gestational Diabetes Risk: A Public Health Perspective
Abstract
Diabetes melitus gestasional (GDM) tetap menjadi masalah kesehatan maternal yang signifikan, dipicu oleh meningkatnya risiko metabolik dan faktor gaya hidup. Memahami determinan GDM sangat penting untuk memperkuat strategi pencegahan dalam sistem pelayanan kesehatan primer. Studi potong lintang ini menganalisis data sekunder dari 428 ibu hamil di tiga wilayah Indonesia. Variabel glikemia maternal, antropometri, dan gaya hidup diperoleh dari buku KIA dan kuesioner terstruktur. Hubungan bivariat dianalisis menggunakan uji chi-square, dilanjutkan dengan regresi logistik multivariat untuk mengidentifikasi prediktor independen. Pengambilan sampel hanya mencakup responden dengan dokumentasi KIA dan data gaya hidup yang lengkap. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan hubungan bermakna antara GDM dan usia maternal ≥35 tahun, IMT sebelum hamil ≥25 kg/m², riwayat keluarga diabetes, aktivitas fisik rendah, serta kenaikan berat badan berlebih selama kehamilan. Analisis multivariat menegaskan faktor-faktor ini sebagai prediktor independen, dengan riwayat keluarga menunjukkan pengaruh terkuat (AOR = 4,05). Variabel diet, termasuk asupan kalori tinggi dan konsumsi sayuran, tidak menunjukkan signifikansi setelah penyesuaian. Studi ini menyimpulkan bahwa determinan metabolik dan perilaku memainkan peran dominan dalam membentuk risiko GDM. Penguatan skrining awal serta promosi berat badan sehat dan aktivitas fisik perlu diprioritaskan dalam program antenatal.
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